Why have you reached this page? Your browser is not currently configured to accept cookies from the this website. This means that the website will not run as smoothly/quickly as possible and could result in certain functionality on this website not working as designed. Recommendation: Enable cookies on your browser. Find out more about cookies. Tourism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A tourist taking photographs and video at an archaeological site. Tourism is travel for pleasure; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. The World Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally, in terms which go . Today, tourism is a major source of income for many countries, and affects the economy of both the source and host countries, in some cases being of vital importance. International tourism receipts (the travel item in the balance of payments) grew to US$1. Its importance was recognized in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism of 1. This is in addition to goods bought by tourists, including souvenirs, clothing and other supplies. Definitions. Its successor, the United Nations, amended this definition in 1. It includes movements for all purposes. In this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism, but implies a more purposeful journey. Tourism Highlights 2015 Edition UNWTO Handbook on E-Marketing for Tourism Destinations. International tourism in 2014 - key trends and outlook
Visitor Trends Report. Tongariro Whanganui Taranaki Conservancy. Prepared by: Michael Harbrow. Social Science Advisor. The available information suggests that international tourism is changing and will continue to do so. Download PDF; Download ePub; Buy. OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2016 highlights the need for active. The OECD compiles tourism data using the International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008 and the Tourism. The terms tourism and tourist are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited. By contrast, traveler is often used as a sign of distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the cultural values underpinning these distinctions and their implications for class relations. After a 5% increase in the first half of 2. As early as Shulgi, however, kings praised themselves for protecting roads and building waystations for travelers. Pausanias wrote his Description of Greece in the 2nd century AD. In ancient China, nobles sometimes made a point of visiting Mount Tai and, on occasion, all five Sacred Mountains. Middle Ages. The Islamic hajj is still central to its faith and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and Wu Cheng'en's Journey to the West remain classics of English and Chinese literature. The 1. 0th- to 1. Song dynasty also saw secular travel writers such as Su Shi (1. Fan Chengda (1. 2th century) become popular in China. Under the Ming, Xu Xiake continued the practice. The Burgundian poet Michault Taillevent (fr) later composed his own horrified recollections of a 1. Jura Mountains. The custom flourished from about 1. It served as an educational opportunity and rite of passage. Though primarily associated with the British nobility and wealthy landed gentry, similar trips were made by wealthy young men of Protestant. Northern European nations on the Continent, and from the second half of the 1. South American, US, and other overseas youth joined in. The tradition was extended to include more of the middle class after rail and steamship travel made the journey less of a burden, and Thomas Cook made the . In this period, Johann Joachim Winckelmann's theories about the supremacy of classic culture became very popular and appreciated in the European academic world. Artists, writers and travellers (such as Goethe) affirmed the supremacy of classic art of which Italy, France and Greece provide excellent examples. For these reasons, the Grand Tour's main destinations were to those centres, where upper- class students could find rare examples of classic art and history. The New York Times recently described the Grand Tour in this way: Three hundred years ago, wealthy young Englishmen began taking a post- Oxbridge trek through France and Italy in search of art, culture and the roots of Western civilization. With nearly unlimited funds, aristocratic connections and months (or years) to roam, they commissioned paintings, perfected their language skills and mingled with the upper crust of the Continent. The primary value of the Grand Tour, it was believed, laid in the exposure both to the cultural legacy of classical antiquity and the Renaissance, and to the aristocratic and fashionably polite society of the European continent. Emergence of leisure travel. These comprised the new middle class. In Nice, France, one of the first and best- established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais; in many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old, well- established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, Hotel Carlton, or Hotel Majestic . With the opening of the extended Midland Counties Railway, he arranged to take a group of 5. Leicester. Campbell Street station to a rally in Loughborough, eleven miles away. On 5 July 1. 84. 1, Thomas Cook arranged for the rail company to charge one shilling per person that included rail tickets and food for this train journey. Cook was paid a share of the fares actually charged to the passengers, as the railway tickets, being legal contracts between company and passenger, could not have been issued at his own price. This was the first privately chartered excursion train to be advertised to the general public; Cook himself acknowledging that there had been previous, unadvertised, private excursion trains. In 1. 84. 4 the Midland Counties Railway Company agreed to make a permanent arrangement with him provided he found the passengers. This success led him to start his own business running rail excursions for pleasure, taking a percentage of the railway tickets. Four years later, he planned his first excursion abroad, when he took a group from Leicester to Calais to coincide with the Paris Exhibition. The following year he started his 'grand circular tours' of Europe. During the 1. 86. Switzerland, Italy, Egypt and the United States. Cook established 'inclusive independent travel', whereby the traveller went independently but his agency charged for travel, food and accommodation for a fixed period over any chosen route. Such was his success that the Scottish railway companies withdrew their support between 1. Cruise shipping. In 1. Prinzessin Victoria Luise, built in Hamburg. Cruising is a popular form of water tourism. Modern day tourism. Coastal areas in the tropics are popular both in the summer and winter. Winter tourism. Moritz, Switzerland became the cradle of the developing winter tourism in the 1. Johannes Badrutt invited some summer guests from England to return in the winter to see the snowy landscape, thereby inaugurating a popular trend. Even in winter, up to one third of all guests (depending on the location) consist of non- skiers. Andorra, Austria, Armenia, Bulgaria, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Sweden, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey), Canada, the United States (e. Colorado, California, Utah, Montana, Wyoming, New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Vermont, New Hampshire) Lebanon, New Zealand, Japan, South Korea, Chile, and Argentina. Mass tourism. Many of these have come into common use by the tourism industry and academics. Examples of the more common niche tourism markets include: Other terms used for niche or specialty travel forms include the term . Tourists have a wide range of budgets and tastes, and a wide variety of resorts and hotels have developed to cater for them. For example, some people prefer simple beach vacations, while others want more specialised holidays, quieter resorts, family- oriented holidays, or niche market- targeted destination hotels. The developments in technology and transport infrastructure, such as jumbo jets, low- cost airlines, and more accessibleairports have made many types of tourism more affordable. The WHO estimated in 2. This is facilitated by internet sales of tourist services. Some sites have now started to offer dynamic packaging, in which an inclusive price is quoted for a tailor- made package requested by the customer upon impulse. There have been a few setbacks in tourism, such as the September 1. Bali and several European cities. Also, on 2. 6 December 2. Indian Ocean earthquake, hit the Asian countries on the Indian Ocean, including the Maldives. Thousands of lives were lost including many tourists. This, together with the vast clean- up operations, stopped or severely hampered tourism in the area for a time. Individual low- price or even zero- price overnight stays have become more popular in the 2. Couch. Surfing and airbnb being established. It also involves integrating tourism to match current economic and growth policies so as to mitigate some of the negative economic and social impacts of 'mass tourism'. Murphy (1. 98. 5) advocates the use of an 'ecological approach', to consider both 'plants' and 'people' when implementing the sustainable tourism development process. This is in contrast to the 'boosterism' and 'economic' approaches to tourism planning, neither of which consider the detrimental ecological or sociological impacts of tourism development to a destination. However, Butler questions the exposition of the term 'sustainable' in the context of tourism, citing its ambiguity and stating that . It helps educate the traveler; provides funds for conservation; directly benefits the economic development and political empowerment of local communities; and fosters respect for different cultures and for human rights. Take only memories and leave only footprints is a very common slogan in protected areas. Research by the Overseas Development Institute suggests that neither is the best way to encourage tourists' money to reach the poorest as only 2. Tanzania and cultural tourism in Luang Prabang, Laos. Recession tourism is defined by low- cost and high- value experiences taking place of once- popular generic retreats. Various recession tourism hotspots have seen business boom during the recession thanks to comparatively low costs of living and a slow world job market suggesting travelers are elongating trips where their money travels further. This concept is not widely used in tourism research. It is related to the short- lived phenomenon that is more widely known as staycation. Medical tourism. Educational tourism describes the event in which people travel across international borders to acquire intellectual services.
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